Particulate Emissions from the UK Iron and Steel Industries

Explore annual reconstructed emissions and the drivers of change

Annual emissions

Total reconstructed emissions

Iron and Steel Production Sites in the UK(Hover over a marker to see the site name and steelmaking route)

Comparison between two years

Details & Data

Annual process emissions

Source groupkt/yearShare
Annual works register CSV ↓

Sources & Methods

Data sources & historical coverage

Production: World Steel Association statistical yearbooks and World Steel in Figures. Verified precise direct tonnages take priority over rounded route shares. Historical pig-iron column-year errors for 2001, 2002 and 2005 were corrected and regression-checked. National coverage is 1981–2024: 1981–1989 uses the validated user-supplied Figures.xlsx paper snapshot, not newly retrieved web data; 1990–2024 retains the corrected verified official snapshot. Original workbook files are not distributed. The source-version boundary is not harmonized; cross-period LMDI describes the joined inputs. In the shared year 1990, workbook national steel production is 17.800 Mt versus the retained official 17.841 Mt; BOF, EAF, pig iron and flaring activity agree. PM10 reconstruction agrees exactly; PM2.5 differs by about 0.0000000061 kt due to factor precision. The 1990 workbook row is comparison only and is not duplicated or substituted. Detailed input cells, workbook hash and overlap values are in the national input audit. Emission factors: NAEI factor database. Flaring activity: NAEI data selector, Include Activity Data. Production activity is Mt/year; flaring activity is TJ net/year. Corresponding factors yield reconstructed kt/year.

Emissions reconstruction & scope

National emissions are reconstructed as activity × NAEI emission factor for seven selected NFR 2.C.1 process groups. BOF and EAF activity use their own-route crude-steel production from the World Steel Association; blast furnace, sinter, stockpiles/diffuse and other integrated processes all use World Steel Association pig iron. Flaring retains the original genuine NAEI blast-furnace-gas activity in TJ net. World Steel Association does not supply that energy activity. Factors and activity are matched by year; no NAEI inventory-total agreement is imposed.

LMDI comparison

The grouped-column chart shows each source group’s existing direct absolute additive LMDI activity and emission-factor effects separately, in signed kt. Their pairwise sum equals the source’s comparison-minus-reference emissions; summed activity and factor effects equal the corresponding national summaries, and all pairs sum to net absolute emission change. Positive values increase emissions and negative values reduce them. A visible zero baseline is retained for both signs. Equal-year comparisons show zero effects; source zeros make positive-value LMDI attribution unavailable. No gross-reduction shares, absolute-value slices or intensity attribution are implied. Full names and selected source values are available in the chart tooltip and the accessible table below.

Direct additive absolute-emissions LMDI separates activity and emission-factor effects in kt. Factor shares divide each effect by net emission change. Opposing effects may have negative or greater-than-100% shares. Equal net change has undefined percentage shares; source zeros make the positive-value LMDI unavailable. Intensity below the comparison is a separate total-emissions/steel-production ratio, not an intensity LMDI. Ang (2005).

Production routes & intensity

The study labels the reported electric-furnace production activity as the EAF group. Historical World Steel Association electric-furnace classifications may include arc and induction furnaces; this national grouping does not establish the furnace type at an individual works. Map EAF routes are based on plant-specific historical evidence.

Route comparison follows the manuscript and Figure 10: EAF is the EAF source group; integrated BF–BOF is the other six groups including flaring. Denominators are same-year EAF or BOF steel output. 1 kt/Mt = 1 kg PM/t steel. National intensity uses separately reported crude-steel production; rounding differences are disclosed, not rescaled. Zero or missing production gives unavailable intensity. Combustion 1.A.2.a, coke/electricity production, upstream supply and imports are outside the national reconstruction.

Factory history, coverage & boundaries

Factory-map coverage is 1981–2024, as a documented subset rather than an exhaustive census. The 1981–1989 extension uses plant-specific historical evidence, including former works absent from the 1990 roster. National workbook totals are not evidence for individual factory operation. Llanwern steelmaking is included through 2001 and excluded from 2002; later rolling is not steelmaking. Named unresolved histories remain below. Map: only documented primary EAF or integrated BF–BOF steelmaking works, consolidated across components/owner aliases. An interval is included if it overlaps any part of the selected calendar year. Closure and restart years are retained at the precision of the evidence; short outages are not comprehensively reconstructed. This is a documented route-history reconstruction, not an exhaustive census or proof of year-round operation. No point-workbook emissions, pollutant records or source-ID counts enter the UI or national model. The NAEI point workbook is used privately only to cross-check works identity and locations from 2005; independent operator, Parliamentary, regulator and heritage sources establish routes and operating intervals. Pre-2005 historical works are reconstructed from those sources. Some historical locations are approximate; see individual evidence notes. Planned EAFs and rolling-only, research, admin, foundry-only and remelting-only sites are excluded. Forgemasters is included because primary EAF liquid-steel/ingot production is documented.

Boundaries: Natural Earth 1:50m. Map rendering: D3, licence. Point coordinates are converted from British National Grid using OSTN15 where available. The map covers the UK; no eligible Northern Ireland steelmaking works was established in the reviewed evidence.

Audit & source files